Like our hunter-gatherer ancestors, we have an evolutionary preference for high-calorie foods. Our ancestors developed a genetic program to store as much energy and valuable nutrients as possible for periods when food was scarce. Therefore, we have inherited genes that make it difficult for us to resist tasty foods, which can lead to obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and even cancer, even though we no longer face food shortages as in the past.
However, to manifest pathological phenotypes, these genes must interact with environmental influences. It appears that the gut microbiome (GM) plays a crucial role in regulating these Paleogene genes. The human gut is home to tens of trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and other microorganisms collectively called the GM. The GM has been present in the guts of our hominid ancestors and co-evolved with them, eventually reaching modern Homo sapiens. Until now, GM has been believed to have a reciprocal symbiotic relationship with humans, resulting in beneficial effects for both parties. However, it is important to note that our relationship with GM does not always have to be a permanent, reciprocal, symbiotic relationship. Sometimes this relationship can become harmful to us.
The gut microbiota has a dual effect on human cognition
Recent studies have shown that GM can have both positive and negative effects on our mood, decision-making and behavior. This is often called the ‘gut-brain axis’. Several studies have shown that imbalances in the microbiota, known as dysbiosis, can lead to various mental and cognitive changes, including anxiety, depression and even autism. On the other hand, our mood has an effect on the diversity of the microbiota. Despite the methodological limitations in microbiota studies and the potential for overestimation of results, the impact of GM on cognitive processes, especially decision-making and behavioral preferences, is significant and requires further investigation. These new findings about the effects of GM, especially on human will and desires, force us to reconsider our relationship with at least some types of gut microbes.
A new approach called ‘behavioral microbiomes’ is being used to study how microbes influence behavior. This approach takes into account multiple factors beyond just the presence of microorganisms. It includes the metabolic activity of microbes, interactions between different microbial species, as well as the genetics and environment of the host. The researchers argue that a multidimensional approach is needed to fully understand the complicated relationship between the microbiome and behavior. They suggest that this approach could have significant implications for areas such as neuroscience, psychiatry and microbiology. The microbiota influences a wide range of human behavior, including exercise habits, addiction, sleep patterns and even moral judgments. However, the impact of GM on our appetite and food preferences can have significant consequences for our health and contribute to the development of diseases.
The effect of GM on food choices
Some research highlights suggest that our gut microbiome plays an important role in determining our eating behavior and food choices. Scientists have found that mice with a less diverse microbiome tend to consume a higher proportion of fat, while mice with a more diverse microbiome tend to consume more sugar. Some studies have shown that gut microbes may contribute to obese individuals’ preference for unhealthy, high-calorie foods.
An increased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes phyla, which is generally accepted as a normal balance of the microbiota, has been associated with an increase in appetite and weight gain. These bacteria are believed to play a crucial role in breaking down complex carbohydrates and producing short-chain fatty acids. The study found that the composition of gut microbes differs between obese and lean individuals. When gut microbes from obese mice were transferred to lean mice, the lean mice developed a preference for foods high in fat and sugar. The findings suggest that the gut microbiome may have a significant impact on food preferences and weight gain. Therefore, the type of microbiota of the individual must be taken into account when designing a diet program to control eating disorders, obesity and metabolic diseases. [1].
Microbiome and personalized diet
Personalized nutrition is a new approach to food and nutrition that takes into account the various characteristics of an individual, including their genes, lifestyle and dietary preferences. It uses advanced technologies, including genetic testing, blood analysis and artificial intelligence, to develop personalized nutrition plans that meet individual needs. This approach aims to optimize health, prevent and manage chronic diseases, improve athletic performance and achieve specific fitness goals. Personalized nutrition can include specific food recommendations, meal timing, supplements, and lifestyle modifications tailored to meet an individual’s unique needs. Until now, the most important factors in personalized nutrition have been the genotype of individuals; However, the microbiome plays an important role in personalized nutrition because it can influence the way the body processes and absorbs nutrients.
The composition of the microbiome can differ from person to person, which can influence their response to different foods and diets. For example, certain individuals may possess a microbiome that is more adept at metabolizing high-fiber foods, while others may have a microbiome that is highly adept at digesting fats. By analyzing an individual’s microbiome, personalized nutrition plans can be developed that take into account their unique needs and preferences. Additionally, interventions such as probiotics and prebiotics can be used to modify the microbiome and improve its function, potentially resulting in improved overall health and nutritional outcomes. [2].
Recent evidence suggests that genetic testing can enable personalized nutritional recommendations based on an individual’s genetic makeup. Certain genes can influence how the body metabolizes certain nutrients, allowing for personalized nutritional recommendations. Additionally, analyzing an individual’s microbiome can provide valuable insights into food digestion and absorption, leading to personalized recommendations for achieving optimal gut health. However, further research is needed in this area, and caution is needed to avoid oversimplifying the relationship between genetics, microbiome and diet.